政务院


城市房地产税暂行条例(附英文)

1951年8月8日，政务院

第一条 城市房地产税，除另行规定者外，均依本条例之规定，由税务机关征收之。
第二条 开征房地产税之城市，由中央人民政府财政部核定，未经核定者，不得开征。
第三条 房地产税由产权所有人交纳，产权出典者，由承典人交纳；产权所有人、承典人不在当地或产权未确定及租典纠纷未解决者，均由代管人或使用人代为报交。
第四条 下列房地产免纳房地产税：
一、军政机关及人民团体自有自用之房地；
二、公立及已立案之私立学校自有自用之房地；
三、公园、名胜、古迹及公共使用之房地；
四、清真寺、喇嘛庙本身使用之房地；
五、省（市）以上人民政府核准免税之其他宗教寺庙本身使用之房地。
第五条 下列房地产得减纳或免纳房地产税：
一、新建房屋自落成之月分起，免纳三年房地产税；
二、翻修房屋超过新建费用二分之一者，自工竣月分起，免纳二年房地产税；
三、其他有特殊情况之房地，经省（市）以上人民政府核准者，减纳或免纳房地产税。
第六条 房地产税依下列标准及税率，分别计征：（注解：自一九五三年起，本条所列税率分别改为1．2％、1．8％、1．8％、18％。）
一、房产税依标准房价按年计征，税率为1％；
二、地产税依标准地价按年计征，税率为1．5％；
三、标准房价与标准地价不易划分之城市，得暂依标准房地价合并按年计征，税率为1．5％；
四、标准房地价不易求得之城市，得暂依标准房地租价按年计征，税率为15％。
第七条 前条各种标准价格，依下列方法评定：
一、标准房价，应按当地一般买卖价格并参酌当地现时房屋建筑价格分类、分级评定之；
二、标准地价，应按土地位置及当地繁荣程度、交通情形等条件，并参酌当地一般买卖价格分区、分级评定之；
三、标准房地价，应按房地坐落地区、房屋建筑情况并参酌当地一般房地混合买卖价格分区、分类、分级评定之；
四、标准房地租价，应按当地一般房地混合租赁价格分区、分类、分级评定之。
第八条 房地产税得按季或按半年分期交纳，由当地税务机关决定之。
第九条 凡开征房地产税之城市，均须组织房地产评价委员会，由当地各界人民代表会议及财政、税务、地政、工务（建设）、工商、公安等部门所派之代表共同组成，受当地人民政府领导，负责进行评价工作。
第十条 房地产评价工作，每年进行一次，如原评价格在下年度经房地产评价委员会审查，认为无重评必要时，得提请当地人民政府批准延长评价有效期限。
前项评价结果或延长有效期限，均由当地人民政府审定公告之。
第十一条 纳税义务人应于房地产评价公告后一个月内将房地坐落、房屋建筑情况及间数、面积等，向当地税务机关申报，如产权人住址变更、产权转移或房屋添建、改装因而变更房地价格者，并应于变更、转移或工竣后十日内申报之。免税之房地产，亦须依照前项规定，办理申报。
第十二条 税务机关应设置房地产税查征底册，绘制土地分级地图，根据评价委员会之评价结果及纳税义务人之申报，分别进行调查、登记、核税，并开发交款通知书，限期交库。
纳税义务人对房地产评价结果，如有异议时，得一面交纳税款，一面向评价委员会申请复议。
第十三条 纳税义务人不依第十一条规定期限申报者，处以五十万元（注解：“五十万元”系旧人民币，新人民币为“五十元”。）以下之罚金。
第十四条 纳税义务人隐匿房地产不报或申报不实，企图偷漏税款者，除责令补交外，并处以应纳税额五倍以下之罚金。
第十五条 前两条所列违章行为，任何人均得举发，经查实处理后，得以罚金20－30％奖给举发人，并为保守秘密。
第十六条 不按期交纳税款者，除限日追交外，并按日处以应纳税额1％的滞纳金。
逾限三十日以上不交税款，税务机关认为无正当理由者，得移送人民法院处理。
第十七条 房地产税稽征办法由省（市）税务机关依本条例拟定，报请省（市）人民政府核准实施并层报中央人民政府财政部税务总局备案。
第十八条 本条例公布后，各地有关房地产税之单行办法一律废止。
第十九条 本条例自公布之日施行。(附英文)

INTERIM REGULATIONS CONCERNING URBAN REAL ESTATE TAX

(Promulgated by the Central People's Government AdministrationCouncil on August 8, 1951)

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM REGULATIONS CONCERNING URBAN REAL ESTATE TAX
(Promulgated by the Central People's Government Administration
Council on August 8, 1951)
Article 1
Except as otherwise stipulated, urban real estate tax shall be collected
by the tax authorities in accordance with the provisions of these
Regulations.
Article 2
The Ministry of Finance of the Central People's Government shall designate
the cities in which real estate tax shall be imposed; the tax shall not be
imposed in cities that have not been so designated.
Article 3
The owner of property shall be liable for the payment of real estate tax.
Where the property is subject to a mortgage, the mortgagee shall be liable
for payment. Where the owner and the mortgagee are not present at the
locality in which the property is situated, where ownership of the
property has not been established or where disputes in connection with the
tenancy and mortgage of the property have not been resolved, the tax shall
be paid by the custodian or the user of the property on behalf of the
owner or mortgagee.
Article 4
The following categories of real estate shall be exempt from real estate
tax:
(1) real estate owned by military units, government agencies and social
organizations for their own use;
(2) real estate owned by public schools and registered private schools for
their own use;
(3) real estate used as a park, scenic spot or historic site or for other
public purposes;
(4) real estate used exclusively by mosques or lamaseries;
(5) real estate used exclusively by temples of other religions for which
tax exemption has been granted by the people's government at the
provincial (municipal) level or higher.
Article 5
Reductions of or exemptions from real estate tax shall be granted in
respect of the following categories of real estate:
(1) newly constructed buildings shall be exempt from real estate tax for a
period of three years commencing the month in which the construction is
completed;
(2) renovated buildings for which the renovation expenses exceed one half
of the expenses of the new construction of such buildings shall be exempt
from real estate tax for a period of two years commencing the month in
which the renovation is completed;
(3) other real estate in respect of which due to special circumstances,
the people's government at the provincial (municipal) level or higher, has
determined that reductions of or exemptions from real estate tax shall be
granted.
Article 6
Real estate tax shall be assessed according to the following criteria and
tax rates: [*1]
(1) the tax on buildings shall be assessed annually at the rate of 1% of
the standard value of buildings;
(2) the tax on land shall be assessed annually at the rate of 1.5% of the
standard value of land;
(3) the tax shall be provisionally assessed annually at the rate of 1.5%
of the consolidated standard value of land and building in cities in which
it is difficult to determine separately the standard value of land and the
standard value of buildings;
(4) the tax shall be provisionally assessed annually at the rate of 15% of
the standard rental value of real estate in cities in which it is
difficult to determine the standard values of land and buildings.
Article 7
The standard values, as mentioned in the preceding Article, shall be
appraised as follows:
(1) the standard value of buildings shall be appraised in terms of
different categories and grades in accordance with the general local
market value, and with reference to the current price of local building
construction;
(2) the standard value of land shall be appraised in terms of different
districts and grades according to such conditions as the location of the
land, the degree of prosperity of the locality and communication
facilities and with reference to the general local market value of the
land;
(3) the standard value of real estate shall be appraised according to the
location of the real estate and building, construction circumstances and
taking into account the local aggregate market value of real estate for
different districts and categories and grades of real estate;
(4) the standard rental of real estate shall be appraised in terms of
different districts, categories and grades and, in general, according to
the local aggregate rental value of the land and its affixed buildings.
Article 8
Real estate tax may be paid quarterly or semi-annually, which shall be
determined by the local tax authorities.
Article 9
A commission for real estate assessment, composed of representatives
designated by local people's conferences of various circles, and
representatives designated by such departments as finance, taxation, land
administration, civil engineering (construction), industry and commerce,
and public security shall be established in all cities in which real
estate tax is imposed. The commission shall be under the direction of the
local people's government and shall be responsible for carrying out the
work of real estate assessment.
Article 10
Real estate shall be assessed once a year. Where, on examination of the
original assessed value, the real estate assessment commission determines
that reassessment is not necessary, the extension of validity of the
assessment of the previous year shall be submitted to the local people's
government for approval.
The results of assessment or the extension of the validity of the
assessment of a previous year, as mentioned in the preceding paragraph,
shall be subject to examination, approval and notification by the local
people's government.
Article 11
The tax payers shall, within one month following the notification of the
assessment, file a return with the local tax authorities of the location
in which the real estate is situated as to the condition of the buildings,
the number of rooms, the floor space and other information. Changes in the
addresses of the owners, transfers of ownership or the expansion or
renovation of buildings which result in changes in the value of the
property must be reported to the local tax authorities within 10 days
following the change of address, the transfer of ownership or the
completion of expansion or renovation. Returns in respect of real estate
which is exempt from real estate tax shall also be filed in accordance
with the preceding provisions.
Article 12
The tax authorities shall establish a register in respect of the
investigation and imposition of real estate tax and shall prepare detailed
maps showing the different grades of land; on the basis of the results of
assessments made by the commission and the returns filed by taxpayers, the
tax authorities shall proceed with the investigation, registration and
verification of the tax and shall issue a notice for payment of the tax to
the treasury within the time limit.
In the event that a taxpayer disagrees with the result of the assessment
of the real estate, the taxpayer shall both pay the tax and apply to the
commission for consideration.
Article 13
A fine of five hundred thousand yuan or less [*2] shall be imposed on a
tax payer who fails to file the return within the time limit as prescribed
in Article 11.
Article 14
In the event that a taxpayer fails to declare real estate holdings or who
files a fraudulent return and thereby attempts to evade the tax shall, in
addition to payment of the tax so evaded, be liable to a fine of five
times or less of the tax due.
Article 15
Every person shall report violations of the provisions set forth in the
two preceding Articles. Following the investigation and disposal of the
violation, the information shall be granted a reward in the amount of 20
to 30% of the fine; confidentiality shall be maintained in respect of
these reports.
Article 16
Where there is a failure to pay the tax on time, in addition to setting a
new time limit for payment of the tax, a late payment fine of 1% of the
amount of the tax due shall be imposed for each day the tax remains
unpaid.
Where payment of the tax is not made within thirty days following the time
limit for payment, and the tax authorities consider that there is no
justification for late payment, the case shall be transferred to the
people's courts for disposal.
Article 17
The provincial (municipal) tax authorities shall, in accordance with these
Regulations, formulate measures for the investigation and collection of
real estate tax and shall submit the measures to the provincial
(municipal) people's government for approval and implementation and shall
also submit the measures to the General Taxation Bureau under the Ministry
of Finance of the Central People's Government for the record.
Article 18
Upon the promulgation of these Regulations, all local rules relating to
the taxation of real estate tax shall be annulled.
Article 19
These Regulations shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
Notes:
[*1] Beginning from 1953, the tax rates listed thereof have been adjusted
into 1.2%, 1.8%, 1.8%, and 18% respectively.
[*2] Here the sum "five hundred thousand yuan" refers to the Old Renminbi,
which, when converted into the New Renminbi, is equivalent to "fifty
yuan". - The Editor.


　　所谓事实收养是指亲友、群众公认或当事人所在村（居）民委员会证明确以养父母与养子女关系长期共同生活的、未办理合法手续的收养行为。 我国因民间收养历史悠久，民众法律意识淡薄，社会上随意弃婴和收养的现象屡有发生，加之当前国家法律及相关政策的冲突与缺陷，使事实收养现象在我国特别是农村广泛存在，给不少收养家庭和被遗弃婴童的生活带来了隐患，影响了社会的整体和谐。

　　一、中国农村事实收养问题产生的主要原因

　　（一）传统习俗及家庭观念是事实收养产生的社会原因

　　中国古代的收养制度一般均是以立嗣、传宗接代为出发点，自其形成法律制度伊始，收养制度一直是我国民法一项重要的法律制度。保护儿童最大利益是我国制定和实施收养法的根本宗旨和最高原则。但作为历史悠久的文明古国，根深蒂固的“家本位、亲本位”观念，使父母将子女被视为私有财产。尽管 “子女本位”原则在我国当前的立法思想中得到一定体现，但在立法和司法过程中，视子女为父母的私有财产的思想仍未完成摆脱，剥夺不负责任的父母的监护权的规定仍不够彻底。尤其在收养制度上，仍未摆脱父母权利本位的指导思想。只规定对生父母弃婴行为的处罚，却对其监护权问题只字不提，认为孩子由生父母抚养合情合理，其遗弃行为再严重也要保留其对子女的监护权利资格。这种传统观念在法无明文规定不禁止的立法模式下，使被遗弃孩子和收养人的正当利益不断受到侵害，为违法遗弃行为开了绿灯。

　　（二）法律与政策的冲突是事实收养产生的制度原因

　　建国后在很长时间里，我国一直没有一个系统、完整的收养法规，公民在成立收养时，由于无法可依，加之二十世纪七十年代末开始实行的计划生育基本国策与之后制定实施的收养法之间因调整对象不同导致两者在实践中经常发生冲突，在客观上造成了事实收养的存在。法律规定非婚生子女应与婚生子女同等对待，而收养法规定收养孤儿、残疾儿童或者社会福利机构无关的查找不到生父母的弃婴和儿童，可以不受收养人无子女和只收养一名的限制，从而产生先生育后收养和先收养后生育这两种现象尽管情况一样，仅次序有别，但实际结果使非婚生子女与婚生子女仍存在很大差别。最终不能办理登记形成事实收养，并影响了计生政策和收养制度的进一步贯彻落实。

　　（三）执法管理缺位是事实收养产生的现实原因

　　行政执法机关、司法机关对被拐卖儿童案件、非计划生育案件的查处，只注重对违法人员的刑事、行政责任追究，却忽视对被事实收养人、收养人的合法权利的维护和处理，从而导致这些事实收养行为长期处于不正常状态。相关管理服务的机关缺乏社会责任感，没有看到事实收养产生的社会问题及其严重性，甚至有些机关将处理事实收养问题与处罚违反计划生育问题相结合，以追收违反计划生育罚款或征收社会抚养费为办理收养登记手续的条件，导致不少事实收养人躲避收养登记。尽管收养法规定遗弃婴儿由公安部门处理，构成犯罪应依法追究刑事责任。但事实上，因公众将个人收养视为积德行善行为，未意识到弃婴行为的违法犯罪性质，反而把弃婴送子行为看作是他人的私事，对弃婴者存有一定宽容心，因此，遭到法律制裁的遗弃者寥寥无几，助长了弃婴事件的发生和事实收养问题的出现。

　　二、中国农村事实收养问题产生的影响

　　现实生活中确有不少事实行为依靠传统习惯和道德规范进行调整，与社会利益不相冲突。但是，事实收养行为既受到法律禁止性规范的排斥，也与习惯和道德难以协调，影响了社会整体利益：

　　一是使父母子女关系处于不确定状态。在事实收养人与被事实收养人之间，由于法律的禁止性规定，不能产生拟制父母子女关系。又因事实送养人不能出现，导致被事实收养人与生父母之间的父母子女关系中的父母主体缺位，造成这部分被事实收养人没有父母亲的不正常现象。

　　二是使相关当事人的权利义务得不到保障。比如，当事人涉及到监护、继承、损害赔偿、农村土地承包经营等等民事法律关系中的权利和义务都难以确定。

　　三是对社会管理造成障碍。比如人口户籍管理、教育管理、社会保障、劳动就业等等，都会因为事实收养人、被事实收养人的身份未定产生管理困难，这些问题也使司法活动面临尴尬局面。人民法院在审理上述问题引发的纠纷时，难求法律效果与社会效果的统一。因此，事实收养问题既是社会问题也是法律问题。

　　三、解决中国农村事实收养问题的主要途径

　　家庭是社会的细胞，享受亲情是每个人的权利。解决我国农村事实收养问题，必须将其纳入到法制轨道，真正把好事办好、管好。

　　（一）加强法制宣传力度，促进民众观念的转变

　　加强《收养法》、《中国公民收养子女登记办法》等有关法律法规的宣传力度，着重从规范收养行为、打击违法事件着手，提高公民的法律意识，从而自觉做到依法收养。一方面应大力提倡助人为乐、珍重生命的道德良知，通过细致的思想工作和多形式的普法宣传，使当事人明白即使是合理行为也应当在法律框架下行使，不使弃婴行为有机可乘；另一方面，要制定专门的社会弃婴管理办法，加大对弃婴行为的查处力度，提高侦查办案效率，并把弃婴查找和公告交由公安部门作为其侦查职能来行使，克服把弃婴查找公告等措施当成是为办理收养登记才实施的消极思想。同时，以基层组织为基础加强农村和城市流动人口监控，鼓励举报和监督，运用社会、公众和舆论力量共同建立起有效的监督机制，从源头上遏制弃婴现象的发生。

　　（二）完善协调收养法律政策，建立新型收养体系

　　收养法等有关法律制度应明确规定发现弃婴、儿童后的处理程序，明确计生、民政等相关部门的执法职责，规定私自抚养弃婴、儿童的行为除给予行政处罚外，应将被收养人送福利机构。协调计生与收养政策，一方面，应适当调整现行收养制度，增加收养政策的弹性，使之既能符合计划生育的目的，又能体现“非婚生子女视同婚生子女”的收养原则；另一方面，分清政策之间的界限，在维护社会公德、保护收养家庭合法权益的同时，对不符合收养条件而非法收养的，要认真按照计划生育规定的政策处理。

　　建立家庭收养试养期机制，由法院先确定是否适合收养，并附于收养人一定的监护权，通过收养与被收养人共同生活一段时间后再通过司法途径确定其收养关系是否成立。在政府主导下积极开展家庭寄养、委托收养、集中抚养，通过制定有效的政策和法规，鼓励各地积极开展多形式的抚养。加强社会福利机构的监管力度，发挥其在收养中的调节作用。建立收养家庭调查和评估制度，通过设立民间收养评估员制度，对已建立事实收养关系的家庭进行追踪调查，增强国家监督和管理。

　　（三）增强司法救济，保护事实收养各方的正当权利

　　收养作为一种民事行为，应受民事法律规范的调整。在《收养法》颁布前后，事实上已有大量收养人与被收养人共同生活多年，形成了拟制血亲关系的事实收养关系。适度承认事实收养的合法性，有利于维护既成和睦的家庭关系，解决因事实收养问题引发的各方矛盾，保持社会和家庭的基本稳定，保障事实上已与收养人共同生活多年、有着牢固拟制血亲关系的被收养人的基本权利。因此，在不违背有关法律的基础上，对符合法定内容的事实收养关系应尽可能地给予保护，允许其在一定条件下按收养关系确认和对待，并规定行为成立时即为有效。对其中矛盾较大、社会影响面广而又无法得到法律确认的事实收养关系，可通过司法和救济途径加以认定，等同于合法收养，同时在收养法中明确规定对无效收养行为的救济途径和办法，有利于维护既成的和睦的家庭成员关系，保持社会的和谐稳定，最终实现保护人权的法律价值。

　　参考文献：

[1]王洪：《婚姻家庭法》，法律出版社2003年版。

[2]杨立新主编：《损害赔偿总论》,人民法院出版社1999年版。